SAM Nodes are in specific locations in the different map types that allow you to get Strange Alien Matter, which is a very useful late game material to teleport and use quantum machines to turn resources into other resources. Here are all of the SAM Node locations for each of the locations you can choose when starting a new game.
Once you have acquired 10 SAM, you can research it in the MAM to scan it (you must be in Tier 9), then you can find the other SAM nodes.
The Grass Plains SAM Node can be found in the twin pillar mountains, in a cave under a mountain formation. See the map below for the exact location. Make sure to prepare to venture into this cave, as there may be some villainous plants waiting for you.
The Rocky Desert SAM Node can be found underneath a rock formation in the pillar-bridge part of the Rocky Desert (The spider looking structures on the map). Make sure to again come prepared for this one.
This SAM Node is also location in a cave, which is next to two waterflows in the Northern Forest. You'll need to use a Nobelisk to destroy the rocks in the way, then you'll see the SAM node.
This node can be found all the way at the top of the map near a river. Make sure to have a Nobelisk handy, and blow up the rocks in the opening.
With this information, you'll now be able to find any Strange Alien Matter for the first time, and then once you reach Tier 9, be able to scan for any remaining ones.